Espionagem e a revelação de segredos estatais
uma análise do artigo 359-K, § 4º, do Código Penal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46274/1809-192XRICP2023v8n1p43-68Palavras-chave:
espionagem, revelação de segredos estatais, segurança nacional, proteção de denunciantes, justificaçãoResumo
A alteração legislativa trazida pela Lei nº 14.197/2021, que introduziu o art. 359-K, § 4º, no Código Penal brasileiro, prevê causa de exclusão da responsabilidade criminal no caso de comunicação, entrega ou publicação de informações e documentos classificados como secretos, protegendo denunciantes contra condenações pela prática de espionagem, sempre que a finalidade da revelação seja expor a prática de crime ou a violação de direitos humanos. O presente artigo pretende enfrentar, primeiramente, se o legislador brasileiro, ao contrariar a tendência mundial neste tema, agiu bem ao inserir no ordenamento jurídico uma previsão legal dessa natureza. A seguir, será analisado criticamente o formato escolhido para a proteção penal de denunciantes contra sanções criminais. Finalmente, diante dos problemas que a redação do § 4º do art. 359-K do Código Penal suscita, serão feitas algumas considerações de
lege ferenda na tentativa de contorná-los.
Referências
ACKERMAN, John M.; SANDOVAL-BALLESTEROS, Irma E. The Global Explosion of Freedom of Information Laws. Administrative Law Review, [s.l.], v. 58, n. 1, p. 85-130, 2006.
AFTERGOOD, Steve. An Inquiry into the Dynamics of Government Secrecy. Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, [s.l.], v. 48, p. 511-530, 2013.
AFTERGOOD, Steve. Reducing Government Secrecy: Finding What Works. Yale Law & Policy Review, [s.l.], v. 27, n. 2, p. 399-416, 2009.
ARNESON, Richard J. Principle of Fairness and Free-Rider Problems. Ethics, [s.l.], v. 92, n. 4, p. 616-633, 1982.
BOK, Sissela. Secrets: On the Ethics of concealment and revelation. New York: Pantheon Books, 1982.
BOOT, Eric R. The Ethics of Whistleblowing. London/New York: Routledge, 2019.
BROWNLEE, Kimberley. The civil disobedience of Edward Snowden: A reply to William Scheuerman. Philosophy and Social Criticism, [s.l.], v. 42, n. 10, p. 965-970, 2016.
CONNELLY, Matthew. State Secrecy, Archival Negligence, and the End of The History as We Know it. In: POZEN, David E. (org.). The Perilous Public Square: structural Threats to Expression Today. New York: Columbia University Press, 2020.
DELMAS, Candice. The Ethics of Government Whistleblowing. Social Theory and Practice, [s.l.], v. 41, n. 1, p. 77-105, 2015.
DYCUS, Stephen; BANKS, William C.; RAVEN-HANSEN, Peter; VLADECK, Stephen I. National Security Law. 7. ed. New York: Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2020.
ELLSBERG, Daniel. Secrecy and National Security Whistleblowing. Social Research, [s.l.], v. 77, n. 3, p. 773-804, 2010.
EMERSON, Thomas. National Security and Civil Liberties. Yale Journal of World Public Order, [s.l.], v. 9, n. 1, p. 78-112, 1982.
FENSTER, Mark. Disclosure’s Effects: Wikileaks and Transparency. Iowa Law Review, [s.l.], v. 97, n. 3, p. 713-804, 2012.
FENSTER, Mark. The Transparency Fix. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2017.
FISCHER, Thomas. Strafgesetzbuch. 69. ed. München: C.H. Beck, 2022.
FORCESE, Craig; WEST, Leah. National Security Law. 2. ed. Toronto: Irwin Law, 2021.
FUCHS, Meredith. Judging Secrets: The Role Courts should play in preventing unnecessary secrecy. Administrative Law Review, [s.l.], v. 58, n.1, p. 131-176, 2006.
HALPERIN, Morton H.; BERMAN, Jerry J.; BOROSAGE, Robert L.; MARWICK, Christine M. The Lawless State: the Crimes of the U.S. Intelligence Agencies. New York: Penguin Books, 1976.
HART, Herbert Lionel Adolphus. Are there any natural rights? The Philosophical Review, [s.l.], v. 64, n. 2, p. 175-191, 1955.
HARWOOD, William H. Secrecy, transparency and government whistleblowing. Philosophy and Social Criticism, [s.l.], v. 43 n. 2, p. 164-186, 2017.
HEROLD, Nico. Government-Whistleblowing-Enthüllung und Kontrolle von staatlichen Missständen. Kritische Justiz, [s.l.], v. 52, n. 3, p. 338-348, 2019.
KATZ, Alan. Government Information Leaks and the First Amendment. California Law Review, [s.l.], v. 64, n. 1, p. 108-145, 1976.
KINDHÄUSER, Urs; HILGENDORF, Eric. §353b. Strafgesetzbuch. Lehr- und Praxiskommentar. 9. Auflage. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag, 2022.
KITROSSER, Heidi. Classified Information leaks and Free of Speech. University of Illinois Law Review, [s.l.], n. 3, p. 881-931, 2008.
KÖBEL, Ralf; HEROLD, Nico. Whistleblowing und das Geheimwissen des Staates. Goltdammer’s Archiv für Strafrecht, [s.l.], v. 169, n. 7, p. 377-392, 2022.
KREIMER, Seth F. Rays of Sunlight in a Shadow War: FOIA, the Abuses of Anti-Terrorism, and the Strategy of Transparency. Lewis &Clark Law Review, [s.l.], v. 11, n. 4, p. 1141-1220, 2007.
KREIMER, Seth F. The Freedom of Information Act and the Ecology of Transparency. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, [s.l.], v. 10, p. 1011-1080, 2008.
KRIS, David S.; WILSON, J. Douglas (org.) National Security Investigations & Prosecutions 3d. Eagn: Thomson Reuters, v. 1, 2019.
KROTOSZYNSKI, Ronald. Whistleblowing Speech and the First Amendment. Indiana Law Journal, [s.l.], v. 93, n. 2, p. 267-302, 2018.
KWOKA, Margaret B. Deferring to Secrecy. Boston College Law Review, [s.l.], v. 54, n. 1, p. 185-242, 2013.
KWOKA, Margaret B. Leaking and Legitimacy. UC Davis Law Review, [s.l.], v. 48, n. 4, p. 1387-1456, 2015.
LASSWELL, Harold. D. National Security and Individual Freedom. New York: De Capo Press, 1971.
LAUFHÜTTE, Heinrich. Staatsgeheimnis und Regierungsgeheimnis. Goltdammer’s Archiv für Strafrecht, [s.l.], v. 121, p. 52-61, 1974.
LEITE, Alaor. A responsabilidade penal do whistleblower. Boletim IBCCrim, São Paulo, n. 348, p. 4-6, 2021.
MEESE, Michael J.; NIELSEN, Suzzane C.; SONDHEIMER, Rachel M. American National Security. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2019.
POZEN, David E. Freedom of Information beyond the Freedom of Information Act. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, [s.l.], v. 165, n. 5, p. 1097-1158, 2017.
POZEN, David E. Deep Secrecy. Stanford Law Review, v. 62, Issue 2, p. 257-339, 2010.
POZEN, David E. The Mosaic Theory National Security, and the Freedom of Information Act. Yale Law Journal, [s.l.], v. 115, n. 3, p. 628-679, 2005.
RAWLS, John. A Theory of Justice. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
RAWLS, John. Justice as fairness. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.
ROXIN, Claus; GRECO, Luís. Strafrecht. Allgemeiner Teil. Grundlagen – Der Aufbau der Verbrechenslehre. 5. Auflage. München: C.H. Beck, v. I, 2020.
SAGAR, Rahul. Das mißbrauchte Staatsgeheimnis. Wikileaks und die Demokratie. In: GEISELBERGER, Heinrich (ed.) Wikileaks und die Folgen. Netz-Medien-Politik. Berlin: Suhrkamp, 2011. p. 201-223.
SAGAR, Rahul. Secrets and Leaks: The Dilemma of State Secrecy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013.
SAVAGE, Ashley. Leaks, Whistleblowing and the Public Interest: the law of unauthorized disclosures. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2016.
SCHÄFER, Jürgen. § 353b. In: HEFENDEHL, Roland (hrsg.). Münchener Kommentar zum Strafgesetzbuch. 3. ed. München: C.H Beck, v. 5, 2019.
SCHAUER, Frederick. Transparency in three dimensions. University of Illinois Law Review, [s.l.], v. 4, p. 1339-1357, 2011.
SCHEPPELE, Kim Lane. Legal Secrets: Equality and Efficiency in the Common Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
SCHEUERMAN, William. Whistleblowing as civil disobedience: The case of Edward Snowden. Philosophy and Social Criticism, [s.l.], v. 40, n. 7, p. 609-628, 2014.
SCHEUERMAN, William. What Edward Snowden can teach theorists of conscientious law breaking. Philosophy and Social Criticism, [s.l.], v. 42, n. 10, p. 958-964, 2016.
SETTY, Sudha. National Security Secrecy. Comparative Effects on Democracy and the Rule of Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
THOMPSON, Dennis F. Democratic Secrecy. Political Science Quarterly, [s.l.], v. 114, n. 2, p. 181-193, 1999.
WUNDERLICH, Alexandre. Crime político, segurança nacional e terrorismo. São Paulo: Tirant lo Blanch, 2020.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 Revista do Instituto de Ciências Penais
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
